Understanding ecological models Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Understanding ecological models - Assignment Example The ecological perpsective of health promotion is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of people with their physical and socio-cultural environments. Ecological approaches are so effective because they involve the most factors and determinants of healthFor example, anti-smoking campaigns aimed at teens in South African found that teen smoking rates were linked with a lack of recreational facilities and whether or not the teen's parents smoked. Limitations of the ecological approach include: -Difficult to implement multi-level approaches.-Health care professionals unfamiliar with these – usually just individual approaches.-large amounts of enegry, creativity, and patience.-Challenging and expensive to changealready built enviornments, especially if those environments (i.e. buildings) are privately owned.-†Operationalizing the general princiapls of evological models for specific behaviours is a challenging but essential step.†The purpose of the paper by Elder et. Al (2007) is: to describe a framwork that would be used to guide an individual study.The integration of a wide number of contributing theories into Elder et. al's ecological framework is valuable because Gathers a wider range and depth of knowledge to the framework.â€Å"Theories that helped guide and inform the TAAG SE model are operant conditioning, social cognitive theory (SCT) and organizational change theory,including diffusion of innovations. These theories are incorporated into the TAAG model (see Fig. 1), which serves to put all relevant theories into a unified whole. The model, then, informs the intervention development by providing its theoretical grounding." 6. Sallis and Owen (2002; p468) the components of the TAAG model fulfill the "principles of ecological approaches to health behaviour change" to the extent that contributing theories such as social cognative theory and organizational change theory are included within the model. HPRM3000: Portfolio Task 3 Health Priorities and the Importance of Populations 1. This kind of research so important for health promotion because demographic, and distribution information on health matters is vital for informed health policy creation and implementation. 2. The description, strengths and weaknesses of the DALY are: "Health loss expressed as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and presented as proportions of total DALYs and DALY rates (crude and agestandardised) per 1000 population." " One DALY is equivalent to one lost year of healthy life and represents the gap between current health status and an ideal situation" Links to a format used by The World Bank (allows for ease of international comparision of data). A disadvantage is that it is a "created" and not a "real" mesaurement. ii) In Australia, the progressive increase in body mass is strongly associated with an increase in Type II Diabetes. As these connected risk factors and issues have been getting worse, instead of better, new more effective strageties are required. Two other areas: women's mental health and Aboriginal peoples (especially those in the NT) require immediate, planned progressive health promotion action. 7. a) Stephen R Leeder, Susan U Raymond and Henry M Greenberg Poverty and Human Development The need for leadership in global health. The Medical Journal of Australia. MJA 2007; 187 (9): 532-535 b) Global Leadership in health is present in Australia. This has resulted in deeper and more informed ecological health policies that have lead to concrete action to prevent futher diseases from global climate change. (This is a topic that is just now recieving global attention as a health issue.) 8. International Health Risks In the early 1980s, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose suggested another reason why the intrapopulation studies might fail to detect benefits of salt reduction that could still have a significant public health impact. Rose

Writing and Descriptive Papers Essay Example for Free

Writing and Descriptive Papers Essay If you do not know anything about descriptive essays you should certainly look for descriptive essay examples, which you can find online, as well as at Professays.com. Why should you look for such examples? Those students with little writing experience can be somewhat puzzled by a descriptive essay. Thus, an essay example will offer much valuable information, regarding both essay form and contents. The first thing you can learn is descriptive essay topics. Then you can pay attention to essay structure and outline. There are also special words and word combination used in descriptive essays. You will learn how to write an introduction and conclusion, as well as how to compose a persuasive essay body. A descriptive essay may be considered one of the simplest although deeply involving essays. It seems that there is nothing easier than writing a description, whether it be a description of a person, an event, a feeling, a thing, or an experience. However at times descriptions may be rather difficult to develop, especially for those writers who have problems with imagination or formulation of their thoughts. A descriptive essay is designed to offer readers involving and vibrant experiences and it has to achieve this goal with the help of observations and expression of feelings and memories but not through simple description of facts. The topic for a descriptive essay may be any, connected with any field or aspect of people’s life, activity, or experience. But while the theme offered or chosen may be simple it is possible to use imagination and contemplate it from an unusual angle. Associations may help in such cases, and unconventional thoughts may allow creation of a very original paper. The theme is to be as narrow as possible – thus the writer will have a possibility of focusing on its detailed and accurate description. Descriptive Essays The structure of such an essay is similar to many others – it should include an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. However there are certain peculiarities which set a descriptive essay apart from other types of written papers. In the introduction there usually is a presentation of the topic of discussion, and here the description evolves from general concepts/feelings/experiences/memories to more specific ones. The main body will include the exact background and a description of the topic the writer wants to discuss. In the process of developing such an essay it is vital to add as many details as possible, to try and express the slightest shades of feelings and emotions – such being the case readers will have a chance to feel the same and see the situation through the eyes of the writer. In the conclusion the description is to be summarized and driven to the logical end in order for readers to see the point of the description. Descriptive essays are not hard to write, but producing one that has all the perfect edges is a task very few can master, besides ProfEssays.com. If your essay has been purchased here, do not shudder with sheer ignorance when somebody questions you about such essays. Here, the aim is to not just provide you with essays that approach the zone of excellence, but to also equip you with a few skills. Firstly, study the essay you have bought for patterns, expressions, and style. This analytical study will inevitably teach you invaluable lessons and techniques. Once you are through with the style, penning factual descriptions will seem like an entertaining creative task. The pleasure that can be derived from sitting down and writing about all that falls in your observations is simply overwhelming. Often, you will have a good enough reason to want to jot down your reflections, even if for simple creative play. Realising this reason will ultimately strengthen your language and imbue it with colourful expressions. Sometimes, if you are too fastidious about your descriptive essay mirroring your perspectives, you may want to individualize your purchased essay with personalized expressions, which is a very positive indication of the interest you take in your work. ProfEssay.com boasts of a staff of well-educated and qualified writers whose work is virtually always compliant of writing styles even if concocted in limited time. Ergo, when you alter or introduce ideas, make sure you do not tamper with the professionalism, the style or the technique adopted. Working haphazardly will mar your presentation and grades. So a quick pointer: a factual description must always:

Porter Five Forces Model Of Taj Hotels Tourism Essay

Porter Five Forces Model Of Taj Hotels Tourism Essay A Hotel may be defined as per the British law as A place where abonafide traveler can receive food and shelter provided he is a position to pay for it and is in a fit condition to be received. The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL) and its subsidiaries are collectively known as Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces and is recognised as one of Asias largest and finest hotel company. Incorporated by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji N. Tata, the company opened its first property, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Bombay in 1903. The Taj, a symbol of Indian hospitality, completed its centenary year in 2003.   Taj Hotels Resort and Palaces comprises more than 60 hotels in 45 locations across India with an additional 15 international hotels in the Malaysia, United Kingdom, United States of America, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Africa, the Middle East and Australia. Spanning the length and breadth of the country, gracing important industrial towns and cities, beaches, hill stations, historical and pilgrim centres and wildlife destinations, each Taj hotel offers the luxury of service, the apogee of Indian hospitality, vantage locations, modern amenities and business facilities. IHCL operate in the luxury, premium, mid-market and value segments of the market through the following:   Taj  (luxury full-service hotels, resorts and palaces) is the flagship brand for the worlds most discerning travelers seeking authentic experiences given that luxury is a way of life to which they are accustomed. Spanning world-renowned landmarks, modern business hotels, idyllic beach resorts, authentic Rajput palaces and rustic safari lodges, each Taj hotel reinterprets the tradition of hospitality in a refreshingly modern way to create unique experiences and lifelong memories. Taj also encompasses a unique set of iconic properties rooted in history and tradition that deliver truly unforgettable experiences. A collection of outstanding properties with strong heritage as hotels or palaces which offer something more than great physical product and exceptional service. This group is defined by the emotional and unique equity of its iconic properties that are authentic, non- replicable with great potential to create memories and stories. Taj Exotica  is resort and spa brand found in the most exotic and relaxing locales of the world. The properties are defined by the privacy and intimacy they provide. The hotels are clearly differentiated by their product philosophy and service design. They are centered around high end accommodation, intimacy and an environment that allows its guest unrivalled comfort and privacy. They are defined by a sensibility of intimate design and by their varied and eclectic culinary experiences, impeccable service and authentic Indian Spa sanctuaries. Taj Safaris  are wildlife lodges that allow travelers to experience the unparalleled beauty of the Indian jungle amidst luxurious surroundings. They offer Indias first and only wildlife luxury lodge circuit. Taj Safaris provide guests with the ultimate, interpretive, wild life experience based on a proven sustainable ecotourism model. Upper Upscale Hotels  (full-service hotels and resorts) provide a new generation of travelers a contemporary and creative hospitality experience that matches their work-hard play-hard lifestyles. Stylish interiors, innovative cuisine, hip bars, and a focus on technology set these properties apart.   The Gateway Hotel  (upscale/mid-market full service hotels and resorts) is a pan-India network of hotels and resorts that offers business and leisure travelers a hotel designed, keeping the modern nomad in mind. At the Gateway Hotel, we believe in keeping things simple. This is why, hotels are divided into 7 simple zones- Stay, Hangout, Meet, Work, Workout, Unwind and Explore. As travel often means more hassle than harmony, more stress than satisfaction, modern travelers are looking for smarter choices. Driven by passion for perfection, Taj welcomes its customers to a refreshingly enjoyable and hassle-free experience, anytime, everywhere. Offering the highest consistency in quality, service and style the hotel set new standards and take the unwanted surprises out of traveling. Tajs warm welcomes make guests feel at home, away from home and its crisp and courteous service empowers them to get more done with greater effectiveness and control. And through Tajs unrivalled network it provide service that is effortless, simple, never overwhelming, always warm. Ginger  (economy hotels) is IHCLs revolutionary concept in hospitality for the value segment. Intelligently designed facilities, consistency and affordability are hallmarks of this brand targeted at travelers who value simplicity and self-service. Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is committed to replicate its domestic success onto international shores with plans to build an international network of luxury hotels, which will provide an exemplary product-service combination and in the process create a global brand. The current international portfolio includes luxury resorts in the Indian Ocean, business and resort destinations in the Middle East and Africa, serviced apartments in the UK, the first hotel in Australia and three a top-end luxury hotels in the US. Throughout the Companys expansion, its mandate has been twofold: to infuse a sense of Indian heritage and culture within each diverse property, while also anticipating the needs and desires of the sophisticated traveller. Over the years, the Taj has won international acclaim for its quality hotels and its excellence in business facilities, services, cuisine and interiors. The Taj strengthened its presence in the Indian Ocean rim with the Exotica Brand. The Taj Exotica was evolved as part of Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces intent to position it as a brand that is clearly differentiated by its product philosophy and service design. The Taj Exotica Resort and Spa, in Maldives is centered on high-end accommodation, intimacy and an environment that allows its guests unrivalled comfort and privacy. Taj Hotels further expanded its global footprint by securing management contracts at Palm Island, Jumeirah in Dubai, Saraya Islands in Ras Al Khaimah, Aldar Group in Abu Dhabi, UAE Langkawi in Malaysia and Thimpu in Bhutan. The most significant additions to the portfolio have been The Pierre, the iconic landmark hotel on New Yorks Fifth Avenue, Taj Boston and Blue, Sydney. The presence of Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces internationally has been developed through a network of Taj regional sales and PR offices in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Dubai, Singapore, Australia, Japan, Russia and the United States of America. At the Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces luxurious living and fine dining find common ground. Whether it is introducing exotic world cuisines to India or taking authentic Indian fare to the world, the Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is renowned for the eclectic culinary experiences it brings to its guests. Through a vast repertoire of award-winning restaurants, legendary recipes from royal kitchens and celebrated food festivals, the Taj has pioneered innovation in fine dining across the world. Taj Hotels also promise a whole new experience of tranquillity and total wellness, through  Jiva Spas  a unique concept, which brings together the wisdom and heritage of the Asian and Indian Philosophy of Wellness and Well-being. Rooted in ancient Indian healing knowledge, Jiva Spas derive inspiration and spirit from the holistic concept of living. There is a rich basket of fresh and unique experiences under the Jiva Spa umbrella of offering, Yoga and Meditation, mastered and disseminated by accomplished practitioners, authentic Ayurveda, and unique Taj signature treatments. Royal traditions of wellness in service experiences, holistic treatments involving body therapies, enlivening and meaningful rituals and ceremonies and unique natural products blended by hand, come together to offer a truly calming experience. IHCL operates  Taj Air, a luxury private jet operation with state-of-the-art Falcon 2000 aircrafts designed by Dassault Aviation, France; and Taj Yachts, two 3-bedroom luxury yachts which can be used by guests in Mumbai and Kochi, in Kerala. IHCL also operates  Taj Sats Air Catering Ltd., the largest airline catering service in South Asia, as a joint venture with Singapore Airport Terminal Services, a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines. Additionally, it operates the  Indian Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad  since 1993. The institute offers a three-year diploma, designed with the help of international faculty and has affiliations with several American and European programmes. CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL RESPONSBILITY As a part of Tatas; Indias premier business house; Taj Hotels, have always believed in society and environment being integral stakeholders in our business along with its shareholders, customers, vendors and others. Over the last decade, the movement towards ecologically sound tourism has gained urgency and importance across the globe and we recognize that responsible practices in vogue are as diverse as the geographies.   Taj promote corporate citizenship through our strategic public-private partnerships which encourage building livelihoods of less-advantaged youth and women. The causes they promote include reducing malnutrition, promoting indigenous artisans and craftsmen and enhancing employability of identified target groups by sharing our core competencies as a leading hospitality company. Taj have the unique scope and opportunity to develop raw potential into a skilled workforce that is immediately employable by various players in the industry. A majority of its community projects are focused around extending its key strengths in food production, kitchen management, housekeeping, customer service and spas to promote economic empowerment of candidates from vulnerable socio-economic backgrounds. The group is fully committed to the cause of building a sustainable environment by reducing the impact of its daily operations on the environment and improving operational efficiencies, resource conservation, reuse and recycling of key resources.   A  glimpse of indicative projects  undertaken by Taj group   Tajs sixth  Corporate Sustainability Report  was submitted to the United Nations Global Compact society in August, 2009. The United Nations Global Compact is a strategic policy initiative for businesses that are committed to aligning their operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labor, safety security, environment and anti-corruption. This Corporate Sustainability report also serves as their GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) as well as Triple Bottom Line report. The report focuses on identified priorities at IHCL and responds to key stakeholder needs. Taj plan to continue and further strengthen its commitment to the environment and societies in which we operate.   EARTH In an endeavour to reinstate its vision and efforts to boost sustainable tourism, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces presented EARTH (Environment Awareness Renewal at Taj Hotels) this year. Implementing schemes such as the Gangroti Glacier Clean-Up Expedition, as well as designated Earth rooms, which minimise environmental impact, Taj is one of Asias largest group of hotels to commit to energy conservation and environmental management. EARTH has received certification from Green Globe, the only worldwide environmental certification program for travel and tourism. The Taj began a century ago with a single landmark The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai. Today, the various Taj hotels, in all their variety and historical richness, are recognised internationally as the symbols of true Indian hospitality. The Companys history is integral to Indias emergence into the global business and leisure travel community; and looking to the future, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is well positioned to meet the increase in travel activity with the rapid expansion of the Indian economy.   Hotel Leisure and Other Services include: 24 hrs Front Desk Airport Transfer On Request Astrologer On Call Banquet Facility Bar restaurants Barber Shop Beauty Salon Bell Desk Services Car Rentals Currency Exchange Express Check in Check out Facilities For the Physically Challenged Florist Health Club Health/Ayurveda Centers Hotel Safe Internet Access Available in Rooms Internet/E-mail/Fax Facilities Interpreter Services Laundry Services Library Lounge Luggage Storage Medical Services-Doctor on Call Phone-Two Telephone Lines in Rooms Postal/Parcel Services Room Service-24 Hrs Shopping Arcade Travel Desk Ticketing, Tours MARKETING MIX STRATEGY OF TAJ HOTELS Products Room Restaurant and Bar. Meeting room and Banquet facility Amenities Services Safe deposit box Special services Courier Child care Laundry Pet Internet Travel desk Babysitting Wake-up call PRICE Taj hotel has set its price of the room on the basis of Business, Leisure and Luxury class. PLACE Location of the hotel is the most important business decision for the hotel. Present in metro cities in India Global presence (Maldives,London,Dubai,Colombo) PROMOTION STRATEGY Promotional schemes are carried on regularly the hotel has many loyalty programe,clubes,membership,previlage etc some of them are The Taj Inner Circle. The Taj Junior League. The Taj Club. Taj also offer Taj surprises including weekend savers,value vouchers,book early get more, ADVERTISEMENT Business news paper(E.T, Financial Express, Bombay Times) T.V channels like STAR NEWS,CNN and CNBC. Magazines like THE OUT LOOK TRAVELAR,GO NOW and TRAVEL. Porters 5 Forces Model The state of competition in an industry depends on five basic forces, which are diagrammed above. The collective strength of these forces determines the ultimate profit potential of an industry. Whatever their collective strength , the corporate strategists goal is to find a position in the industry where his or her company can best defend itself against these forces or can influence them in its favor. Contending Forces Threats of Entry: New entrants to an industry bring new capacity, the desire to gain market share, and often substantial sources. Companies diversifying through acquisition into the industry from other markets often leverage their resources to cause a shake up. The seriousness of the threat of entry depends on the barriers present nd on the reaction from existing competitors that the entrant can expect. There are six major sources of barriers to entry. These are: Economies of scale Product differentiation Capital requirements Cost disadvantages Independent of size Access to distribution channels Government policy Suppliers: Suppliers can exert bargaining power on participants in an industry by raising prices or reducing the quality of purchased goods and services. Powerful suppliers, thereby, can squeeze profitability out of an industry unable to recover cost increases in its own prices. The power of each important supplier group depends on a number of characteristics of its market situation and on the relative importance of its sales or purchases to the industry compared with its overall business. A supplier group is powerful if it is dominated by a few companies and is more concentrated than the industry it sells. Also if it poses a credible threat of integrating forward into the industrys business. This provides a check against the industrys ability to improve the terms on which it purchases. Buyers: Customers likewise can force down prices, demand higher quality or more services, and play competitors off against each other- all at the expense of industry profits. A buyer group is powerful if it is concentrated or purchases in large volume. Large volume buyers are particularly potent forces if heavy fixed costs characterize the industry- as they do in metal containers, corn refining, and bulk chemicals, for example- which raise the stakes to keep capacity filled. The product it purchases from the industry are standard or undifferentiated. The buyers, sure that they always can find alternative suppliers, may play one company against another, as they do in aluminium extrusion. Another case can be when the products the buyer purchases from the industry from a component of its product and represent a significant fraction of its cost. The buyers are likely to shop for a favorable price and purchase selectively. When the products sold by the industry in question is a small fraction of buyers costs, buyers are usually much less price sensitive. Substitutes: By placing a ceiling on the prices it can charge, substitute products or services limit the potential of an industry. Unless it can upgrade the quality of the product or differentiate it somehow, the industry will suffer in earnings and possibly in growth. Substitutes not only limit profits in normal times but also reduce the bonanaza an industry can reap in boom times. The producers of fiberglass insulation enjoyed unprecedented demand as a result of high energy costs and severe winter weather. But the industrys ability to raise prices was tempered by the plethora of insulation substitutes, including cellulose, rock wool and Styrofoam. Rivalry of Taj among established firms: Oberoi hotels Leela hotels ITC Grand Le Meridien Bargaining power of buyers is very low. Bargaining power of suppliers is moderate. Threat of new enterants: For Taj, competition in Mumbai has turned fierce as a result of new hotels, such as ITC Grand Maratha, Le Meridien and Hyatt, coming up close to the airport, and enjoying tax benefits too. However in Bangalore, Taj continues to remain at the No.1 position because of the booming IT sector and lack of five-star rooms, chiefly to accomodate international passengers. Potential Entrants Global hotel groups entry Buyers Global tourists Medical tourists Industrialist people Substitutes Small lodges THREAT: HIGH (because of new class, Low otherwise) Customers Need Good Hospitality Hygiene food and environment Success factors for Taj hotels: Technology related:-Used of advance technology in hotel premises. Manufacturing- related:- High utilization of fixed assets. Quality control know-how. Serving customer according to their specification. Distribution-related:- Presence of hotel chain at various places. A strong network. Marketing related:- Breadth of product line and product selection. Personalized customer services. A well-known and well-respected brand name. SWOT Analysis of TAJ Hotels Strengths : Brand loyalty Credibility Huge Reputation Patent protection Weakness: High cost service Not proper network in semi- urban Lack of safety measure Opportunity : Rising income Globalization New Geographical location Threats : Fluctuations in international tourist arrivals Increasing competition Terrorism CONCLUSION Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is one of Asias largest and finest group of hotels. The Company is rapidly emerging as a global brand by integrating an international network of luxury hotels within the chain. Taj Hotels is part of the Tata Group, Indias premier business house. Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai, India was the subject of many newscasts since November 26,2008.The terrorist attacks not only killed and wounded many, but also caused major damage to the iconic hotel. Tata, a pioneer industrialist and philanthropist, conceived the idea of building a hotel in the wake of the bubonic plague which had devastated Bombay in the late 1890s.Tatas sole wish was to attract people to India, and incidentally to improve Bombay. The severely damaged hotel has to be rebuilt. The sixth floor is gutted, and many of its restaurants, including the famous Wasabi, burnt and the splendid dome is shaken because of the many explosions. The antique chandeliers and priceless artwork are all lost forev er.   But the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower stands as an icon of the city of Mumbai, a symbol of both independence and dignity. It will also stand in the future as a representation of the indomitable human spirit of the people of Mumbai displayed in the face of the greatest adversity.

Comparing Canterbury Tales, Burgermeisters Daughter and the Writings o

Image of Women in Canterbury Tales, Burgermeister's Daughter and the Writings of Thomas Aquinas    What was the predominant image of women and women's place in medieval society? A rather sexist or misogynistic view--by twentieth century standards of course--was prevalent among learned clerics. The writings of the theologian Thomas Aquinas typify this view. But although the religious of Europe's abbeys and universities dominate the written record of the period, Thomistic sexism was not the only view of women's proper role. In his Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays women in a much more positive way, characterizing them as somewhat empowered. Actual historical events, such as the scandal and subsequent litigation revolving around Anna Buschler which Steven Ozment details in The Burgermeister's Daughter, suggest something of a compromise between these two literary extremes. While it is true that life was no utopia for medieval women, neither was life universally horrible or society thoroughly misogynistic.    The Church's views on women had deep scriptural roots. In his letter to Timothy, the apostle Paul writes "Let a woman learn in silence with all submissiveness" (1 Tim. 2:11). This view rests on the story of Eve's creation as a helper--not an equal--to man from the rib of Adam in Genesis. It also condemns Eve, and by association all women, for allowing the serpent to trick her into Original Sin. In Summa Theologica, Aquinas extends Paul's argument for female inferiority even farther: As regards the individual nature, woman is defective and misbegotten, for the active force in the male seed tends to the production of a perfect likeness in the masculine sex; while the production of woman comes from defect i... ...quinas did not by themselves represent the views of society at large--although society by no means completely ignored them. Aquinas and Chaucer's Wife of Bath represent two extreme views of medieval women, while the real nature of women's condition in the period lay somewhere in the middle. Any 20th century ideas of wholesale female oppression in the middle ages are relativist "myths" which serve to glamorize the modern period rather than describe historical reality. Endnotes 1 By the 11th century, roughly two centuries before Aquinas, even parish priests had become generally celibate, suggesting the widespread adoption of this practice among clergy by the 13th century (Western Heritage, 190). 2 Interestingly, the knight's crime is rape, a crime against women. His quick punishment for the rape further highlights some security enjoyed by medieval women.

Narcotics

The communication capabilities of specialized databases within the criminal Justice system, has been enhanced by the help of technology. Technology has many various forms in use today within the criminal Justice field. Systems such as the IRIS scans and mobile data terminals or MET for short, are electronically advanced tools for law enforcement work. For the subject matter of this particular paper my intention is to discuss and compare different forms of specialized databases.Also provided are some of the negative and positive effects due to all the new technologies in the rimming Justice field. Including those that have been and are currently being incorporated daily law enforcement actions and activities. One such specialized database used to help with communication is the mobile data terminal (MET). The mobile data terminal device is used in emergency and transit vehicles to communicate with the dispatch or central office (91 1 Dispatch Online, 2011). Many police agencies require officers to have this form of terminal system usually in the form of wireless mobile installed in their vehicles.Law enforcement officers use this database to manage their workload in the center and also provide officers gain better efficiency regarding time management. Mobile data terminals allow officers to have access to status updates, dispatch receipts, and to other units in case that unit needs backup and/or assistance. Frequent communication between dispatch and officers happen on this device frequently in order to know where to go, to update their statuses, to call for assistance, etc. IRIS scans are another form of specialized database the criminal Justice system uses frequently.The IRIS scan is a method of biometric identification in which pattern connection of the eye is used to determine the identity of a subject and/or suspect (Technology LLC, 2010). When identifying an individual IRIS scan may be quicker than retrieving fingerprints. IRIS recognition and IRIS scan are without a doubt proven to be the most accurate type of biometric devices the criminal Justice system has today. Utilizing a scan of different patterns in the eye are taken by a camera and then scanned. This works because Just like fingerprints no one person's eyes are the same.Everyone's eyes contain different patterns that make them unique thereby asking the device's results accurate due to a person's eye patterns different from any other person. Communication in the criminal Justice system is improved by the utilization of this technology. IRIS scans allow officers to determine if a person has already been processed in the criminal database as well as if they have a criminal history or background while allowing other Jurisdictions to be able to access the same forms of information even if the officers are not in the same town or city.IRIS scans and IRIS recognitions have only been used in the past decade and the overspent wants to continue to see this type of technology advance a nd grow within the criminal Justice system (Technology LLC, 2010). Currently database access, watch lists, security purposes, border crossings, passports, and computer logging are the main uses of the IRIS database. The mobile data terminal is currently the most widely used in vehicle device in the criminal Justice system.Just by typing in a suspect's name or scanning a form of their identification, a screen full of information comes up. This can include prior arrests, addresses, known associates, and aliases. The IRIS system although more advanced is not currently in may police vehicles and if it is they are usually a federal law enforcement vehicle. In comparison although the MET system is the most widely used and probably will be for a long time, the IRIS is the next evolution of this system.Both systems are very accurate and produce many of the same results. MET shows results when the information is scanned, typed in or relayed to the officer in another way. The IRIS scans the a ctual individual, stopping a suspect or offender from being able to lie about any detail of you they actually are. Thus providing the officer with a fake name impossible. The phrase' the eyes cannot tell a lie', is a motto I think the IRIS has proven. For many of us in today's society technology is a major factor we depend on to live our daily lives.New technologies create many positive effects towards communication. Cell phones, computers, IRIS scans and mobile data terminals, are only a few technological advances that have improved safety measures of officers while they patrol our communities. Cell phones are the greatest advancement of communication to date. Computers as well as the internet have increased the costive aspects on communication; they have allowed officers to organize, store, and process large amounts of information and data that officers use daily.As technology grows, new advancements will continue to improve computer systems and data processing that the criminal J ustice system uses on a daily basis. As with anything else with positives come negatives especially, in regards to technology. As a society we are so dependent on technology that if we were to lose the use of computers it would constitute a drastic negative effect on the criminal Justice system. Specifically he way officers gather, store, and share information and data.Advancements and the growth of technology have resulted in people to have to be trained over and over to keep abreast of the new types of technology. Technology and the consistent advancing, changes and updating causes problems due to the time it may take for an officer and/or person to learn the ever changing forms and uses of technology. Cost is another negative aspect of technology is that it costs to upgrade many of the devices I. E. Computer systems, cell phones, etc. And some law enforcement agencies ay not possess the monies required to upgrade these devices.Modern technology has caused some to work faster and harder to stay abreast of all the new technologies that are being implemented into our Jobs almost on a daily basis. I would choose the mobile data terminal, if given the option to choose the type of specialized technology I wanted to use. Since this device is helpful in storing large amounts of data while allowing information to be sent and received in a matter of seconds. Another reason is that the mobile data terminal has a built in GlobalPositioning system (GAPS) it would be very convenient to an officer who does not know the area well, but needs to get somewhere in a hurry. This same technology referring to the mobile data terminal is also responsible for allowing officers to receive status updates of other officers, subjects and suspects, and dispatch receipts. Also, the data terminal allows officers to receive information on offenders, suspects, etc. In a matter of seconds as opposed to having to go back to the police station to retrieve information and files that are needed in a timely manner.AVIS, mobile data ermine's, IRIS scans, live scans, and facial recognitions are all different forms of specialized databases in the criminal Justice system that help to improve our communication and work capabilities for law enforcement officers. Although, technology has many negative and positive effects overall it has improved our lives and work force especially in the criminal Justice system by leaps and bounds. Before the telephone police work was still successful and Justice was served. With new technology being developed it has also brought new types of criminals into the light.What technology has done for law enforcement worldwide is make it easier to log information, record larger amounts of data, and most importantly quickly share information, that can become corporeal such as records, criminal data, and up to the date essential data. In closing technology has changed the Justice system. References: Online, 9. (2013). Dispatch Magazine Online. Retrieved f rom http://www. Dispatch. Com/info/immobility. HTML Technology. (2012). Http://www. Technology. Com/CT/Technology-Article. Asp? Arthur=64. Retrieved from Technology: http://www. Technology. Com

An Everyday Hero Springboard Essay Example

An Everyday Hero Springboard Essay Example An Everyday Hero Springboard Paper An Everyday Hero Springboard Paper An Everyday Hero By 10/11/2012 Everybody has an everyday hero. An everyday hero, though who they are and why they are our hero may be different from the person next to us, have at least one thing in common, they make a difference in our daily lives. Everyday heroes can be intelligent, brave, kind, loving, or anything else that you may consider as a heroic trait. For me personally, I consider my mom to be an everyday hero in my life. One of the heroic traits I see in my mom is that she is always there for me no matter what. She is the one who comes to my mind when days are filled with dread and then, my days become bright once again. If I am going through a rough patch in life she is there, standing by my side ready to do whatever she can to make that patch of my life great once more, if not better than it was before. When I fall she is there, right next to me, ready to help me up any time that I need. Another trait my mom has that makes her an everyday hero in my life, is that she always has time to lend a listening ear and comfort those around her. No matter how petty something bugging me may be, she will sit there right beside me until I have finished speaking out. She then hugs me close and manages to find the perfect thing to say. She does this time and time again always ready to lend yet another listening ear and a flow of comforting words. Everyday it comforts me knowing that once I get home all my worries or complaints will look trivial after spending a few seconds with her. This trait, is the last in the order of writing, but not in importance, for that is a fact that I will not counteract. The trait my mom possesses that I find to be her best, is the fact that she always has had the unconditional love that I think all heroes must possess. No matter whats done, said or expressed she will be there with a love that always forgives, and never ades away. The only way her love ever changes is the fact that it grows stronger everyday. I can only hope that one day I may acquire that heroic trait, and that it has the same abundance in me as it is does in my mom. This written exposition has come to an end, and without a doubt, I can confidently state, that my mom is an extraordinary everyday hero and is one of a ki nd. I perceive her as a kind, loving, understanding, caring, gentle soul. She is the person who always saves my day, she is my hero, and I will love and admire her always.

Texting Thumb Is a Repetitive Stress Injury

Texting Thumb Is a Repetitive Stress Injury It seems that with every bit of new technology comes some form of social or personal cost. Often times that personal cost resolves itself in the form of a repetitive stress injury. Cell phones are one such technology. Socially and culturally, we are dealing with constant interconnectedness as well as inconsiderate users who feel they should talk wherever they are, regardless of the people around them. But this isnt about etiquette. This is about ergonomics. The cell phone has led to some health conditions, but it wasnt until the invention of supporting technologies – mobile data, cellular email, and the almighty text message – that the repetitive stress became a real problem for most users. Text messages have some great advantages and have changed our culture, but the input method leaves a lot to be desired. And that is what leads to Texting Thumb. Effects Texting Thumb is a repetitive stress injury that affects the thumb and wrist. Pain and sometimes a popping sound are present on the outside of the thumb at or near the wrist. There can also be a decrease in grip strength or range of motion. You see, the opposable thumb is very good at performing opposing actions to the hand and fingers, otherwise known as gripping. The muscles and mechanics of your anatomy support this function. The thumb acts as the lower half of a pair of pliers. It is much better at this than dexterous three-dimensional motions, like typing. That puts a lot of repetitive stress on the thumb joint and the muscles and tendons attached to it. The thumb is sufficient to press a key on your phones keypad without much stress being placed on it. It is mainly the traveling the thumb tip does over the keypad, which is often a couple of square inches. This is a lot of work on a joint that, quite frankly, isnt designed to move that much. Cell phones that have a standard number pad often use a predictive text entry or other methods to make input easier without scrolling through all the available letters for each number. This helps a lot but not enough to counteract how often most people text. Smartphones are even worse. While they do have full keyboards to make input easier, they have larger surfaces for the thumb to travel over and can often involve both thumbs. Whats more, the ease of input actually makes it more likely for you to type in real words instead of the texting shorthand. Inflammation Texting Thumb can be a form of tendonitis, tenosynovitis, or a combination of both of those disorders. In either case, it means something is irritated, inflamed, and swollen. In Texting Thumb, there is an inflammation of the tendons and/or the synovial sheaths that cover the tendons that control the motion of your thumb. It may also be an inflammation in the tenosynovium, a slippery membrane that acts as a sliding surface, in the opening in the wrist that the tendons slide through. Often the swelling from the inflammation in either the tendon or tenosynovitis causes irritation that leads to inflammation in the other after repetitive use. It can be quite painful and reduces your ability to grip. Whichever part of the anatomy is irritated and inflamed, it squeezes the tendons and constricts their ability to slide within the sheath. The inflammation results in swelling and pain that can run from the tip of the thumb all the way down to the wrist and even the upper portion of the forearm. In Texting Thumb, you often feel the pain when you turn or flex your wrist or when you make a fist or grab something. It often occurs in gamers who play daily for long periods. The Technical Explanation Texting Thumb is technically known as De Quervains syndrome. There are many aliases for De Quervains syndrome with one in homage to the one-time mobile data king, Blackberry Thumb.   If you flatten your hand out with the back of your hand downward, then your thumb can move in two ways. It can move up and back down. This moves your thumb out of the plane of your hand and is called palmar abduction. Your thumb can also move left to right, staying within the plane of your hand. This type of movement is called radial abduction. These tendons are housed within synovial sheaths through the wrist passage. Synovial sheaths are kind of like a stiffer, outer tube that can bend but does not kink. The result is that when the wrist is bent or twisted, the tendons can still slide back and forth through the wrist passage without getting snagged. The tendons pass through an opening in the wrist on the thumb side. This opening is covered in a slippery membrane called tenosynovium. Constant friction against this surface by inflamed synovial sheaths can cause inflammation in the tenosynovium as well. Inflammation of a tenosynovium is called tenosynovitis. The tendons involved in De Quervains syndrome are those attached to the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus muscles, or the muscles that move your thumb in radial abduction. The muscles run side by side on the back of your forearm towards your wrist and the tendons run along the thumb, from the tip to your wrist through an opening in your wrist where they then attach to the muscles. In De Quervains syndrome, irritation from repetitive stress causes the inflammation in the tendon or synovial sheath, which leads to swelling and enlarges a portion of the tendon making it difficult for the tendon to pass through the opening in the wrist. Or it causes inflammation in the tenosynovium, which results in the same thing. Often, when one is swollen, it causes the other to become irritated and inflamed as well, thereby compounding the problem. Take Care of Yourself! If left untreated,  Texting Thumb can worsen and the repetitive inflammation and irritation of the tendons synovial sheaths cause them to thicken and degenerate. This can result in permanent damage, leading to a loss of grip strength and/or range of motion as well as constant pain. De Quervains Syndrome can be treated at home  effectively if it has not gotten that severe. If you are a serious texter you should consider trying to prevent De Quervains syndrome to keep your hand healthy.

Free Essays on Hamel As A Tragic Hero

Hamlet as a tragedy In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet the question on weather or not it falls into the category of a tragedy. â€Å"Tragedies recount an individual's downfall; they usually begin high and end low (1)†. According Aristotle a tragedy is a play that ha a beginning middle and an end; a unity of place and time; a tragic hero who goes through peripetia and anagnorisis. The first issue of whether something is classified as a tragedy is whether it contains a distinguishing beginning, middle and an end. The play early on reveals that Hamlet’s father was killed and he ponders how to go about seeking revenge. The middle of the play is distinguished as the Hamlets â€Å"mouse trap,† catching Claudius right where he wanted him. The end is distinguished as Hamlets tragic flaw leading to the end of his life but not until Claudius, Leartes, and Gertrude are all dead. (Act v scene ii) The next aspect of a classic tragedy is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who leads to his/her down fall due to a tragic flaw. Hamlet’s tragic flaw is that he over analyses/thinks about what to do about his father’s murder throughout the play. This flaw predominately shown when Hamlet has a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius while he is praying (Act III scene iii), but Hamlet decides to think about it. Hamlet determines that if he kills Claudius while he is praying, that will send him to heaven. Therefore, Hamlet decides to wait for Claudius to sin, and then kill him, sending him to hell. This opportunity to wait turns to be a bad one that sends Hamlet into his own spiraling downfall. Another aspect of a classic tragedy is the tragic hero must experience peripetia or reversal of events. Hamlet experiences peripetia on his voyage to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. On the voyage over, Hamlet finds his death warrant with his name on it to be delivered to England. Hamlet, being the thinker he is, decides to re-write i... Free Essays on Hamel As A Tragic Hero Free Essays on Hamel As A Tragic Hero Hamlet as a tragedy In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet the question on weather or not it falls into the category of a tragedy. â€Å"Tragedies recount an individual's downfall; they usually begin high and end low (1)†. According Aristotle a tragedy is a play that ha a beginning middle and an end; a unity of place and time; a tragic hero who goes through peripetia and anagnorisis. The first issue of whether something is classified as a tragedy is whether it contains a distinguishing beginning, middle and an end. The play early on reveals that Hamlet’s father was killed and he ponders how to go about seeking revenge. The middle of the play is distinguished as the Hamlets â€Å"mouse trap,† catching Claudius right where he wanted him. The end is distinguished as Hamlets tragic flaw leading to the end of his life but not until Claudius, Leartes, and Gertrude are all dead. (Act v scene ii) The next aspect of a classic tragedy is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who leads to his/her down fall due to a tragic flaw. Hamlet’s tragic flaw is that he over analyses/thinks about what to do about his father’s murder throughout the play. This flaw predominately shown when Hamlet has a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius while he is praying (Act III scene iii), but Hamlet decides to think about it. Hamlet determines that if he kills Claudius while he is praying, that will send him to heaven. Therefore, Hamlet decides to wait for Claudius to sin, and then kill him, sending him to hell. This opportunity to wait turns to be a bad one that sends Hamlet into his own spiraling downfall. Another aspect of a classic tragedy is the tragic hero must experience peripetia or reversal of events. Hamlet experiences peripetia on his voyage to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. On the voyage over, Hamlet finds his death warrant with his name on it to be delivered to England. Hamlet, being the thinker he is, decides to re-write i...

Manager Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Manager Interviews - Essay Example One of the most common procedures made use of to date includes the qualitative research methods, the quantitative research method, and the mixed research methods (McBride, 2005). Brilliantine, is amongst the firms under study, and poses as a firm, working with the reception of three main categories of calls from its clients. After conclusively interviewing not only the firms’ manager, Mrs. Sutton Banks, but also other executives of the firm, it was clear that the services rendered include, emergency calls, which would lie considered as the most vital of all the firms operations, as they result to having the firms’ agents being on the phone, for an average time of thirty minutes. This however goes further to lie spread over to a greater number of calls, whereby the customer, the client’s family, or even the neighbors are at times involved in the entire calling procedure. Technical enquiries, as well as reassurance calls, are also part of the buildup that the firm consists and works with (Esty, 2006). On the other hand, I learnt from my research that, a spa managers’ job is one of the most demanding positions that one could take up today. The flourishing spa industry gives one the opportunity to engage in procedures that bring with them rewards, excitement and, most importantly, great hope and exemplary results. However, with all this comes the other side of spas that many people may tend to know very little about. From my interview with the manager of one popular spa around that I visited, I learnt that despite holding this somewhat desired position, a lot comes with bearing that role. It is evident that with that very demanding position as a spa manager, the predicament of need for more support in terms of moral support and guidance, as well as training of staff is a major setback if lacked. In addition, it is also a very necessary factor, if the spa is to perform in accordance to the set standards (Plunkett, 2012). Technology in bus iness is essential because without it issues such as globalization, efficient communication with customers, security, as well as efficiency of operations would not lie realized. Annual tradeshows offering vendor support to dealers and cruise incentive trip for top performing dealers have also remained carried out in a bid to improve its dealer’s relations (Esty, 2006). Moreover, I learnt that, like any other management position, to be a successful spa manager, one tends to develop more in terms of success of the spa, too, with more relevant education and experience that tends to address not only their life skills but business skills as well. A well-established spa, such as the one covered in my research, incorporates various functions that may not necessarily be independent (McBride, 2005). Among various departments that should lie considered equally important is the finance department. This what, at the end of the day, the manager, and the managerial crew count on to reveal any income or possible loss where it applies. Just to mention a few roles of this department, it interprets all the financial reports and provides expertise on matters concerned with the overall revenue against the expenses incurred. This department is also mainly concerned with administration of staff and scheduling of clients to ensure maximum revenue generation and profitability as well (Plunkett, 2012). Thorough research entails a careful search of a subject matter in order to

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Telebank Call Center has a sophisticated electronic system to control calls and keep things moving. It runs very much like an assembly line and the calls never stop. The pace of the work is quite rapid and this is sometimes a stressor for the staff. The pace is controlled by the system and there is always a beep in their ear when the next call is cued. Some calls take longer than others so the intervals between calls are not always the same. It is often enough to cause stress, however. The interesting thing is that they hire people who like to talk to other people and then they hurry them through calls very rapidly. It also allows for the staff member that quits working and does not halt calls because of it. The same electronic system that manages the call side of the program also manages the evaluations of employees. The method used is somewhat suspect for part of their employees being unhappy. It monitors everything done by the employees including how many calls they took as well as how many times they went to the bathroom. By all criteria, the technical side of their business appears to work very well. That part of the business definitely is a "machine". The social system, on the other hand is probably a bigger stressor for all involved than the tracking and watching from the technical system. This is a business that advertises that it want individuals in employees and their hiring routine is set up to capture those personalities. The problem is that those kinds of personalities like to come to work in their time, get done what they want to in the time they want to and run their day according to their desires. The other thing the company looks for is people that like to talk to other people. Organizing is a structure that managers use to establish a structure of working relationships (Jones & George, 2007) which is what the hiring process in this company is trying to do. Their goal is to have independent personalities

Present and evaluate J.C. Maxwells version of the Golden Rule as Essay

Present and evaluate J.C. Maxwells version of the Golden Rule as discussed in class and in your reading. (Again, this means discussing the argument) - Essay Example What you do is important; but how you do, what you do is more important. Meaning, the process of living is supreme than achieving success in life. In business, seeking wealth is perfect. What is inappropriate is the intentional manipulation of business practices to deceive others. Desires are not bad; but motivated desires and causing intentional pain to others to secure monetary gains is undesirable. Great business projects are fine, but the prerequisite about such projects is creating noble individuals to implement them. When ethics is the foundation stone of an individual viewed from perception of life as a whole, nothing can go wrong for such an individual. He can be a businessman, politician, bureaucrat, farmer etc. The fundamental rules of ethics will not change, only their application in a particular situation may vary. Scandals originate in the heart. An individual must have a cause to be ethical, the heart to be ethical, and pursue the ethical principles with grit, stamina and heroism, and finally receive the rewards or any other types of accruing results with a balanced mental attitude. Even if the results are not favorable in a given situation, one will have the inner satisfaction of following the Golden Rule of ethics. One has to be truthful at all times and at all costs and avoid ‘pressure, pleasure, power, pride and skewed priorities’, to uphold the Golden Rule. In that ideal situation, societal environment will be

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

4 - Assignment Example During the flood, one is unable to face the harsh behavior of water and thus people are advised to move to the higher regions before the flood. 1. List and describe the most common causes of floods. Causes of Floods Three major causes are found to cause the floods. Theses causes include Tropical storms, Seasonal flooding, Coastal Flooding (Library.thinkquest.org, 2013). Tropical Storms Tropical storms and hurricanes remain to have high impact on our lives due to the devastating impact of the heavy winds carrying immense amount of water with them. The resulting rains in response to the hurricanes and tropical storms become a cause of flood. Tropical Depression produces a wind of speeds less than 38 miles per hour. In the tropical depression situation winds have relative less speed as compared to that in the hurricane (Erh.noaa.gov, 2013). However, the tropical depressions are found to produce immense rains. Such a type of phenomenon produces some major damages in Georgia with a tremen dous rainfall of about 28 inches that caused flooding. During a tropical Storm the speed of the wind can reach as high as 73 miles per hour and tropical storms are categorized due to having more wind speed (39-73 miles per hour) as compared to the tropical depression. Tropical storms produce immense rain falls that are followed by flooding but some damages are due to the heavy winds. The rainfalls during the tropical storms produce more water than the capacity of the rivers, streams and lakes and thus heavy flooding occurs. Seasonal Flooding In rainy season, (a prolonged raining period mostly in spring or peak summer) the rains may fall more than the capacity of the rivers, streams and lakes and thus the flooding occurs. The flooding is not the sudden rush of water into the streams, lakes and rivers but due to the prolonged period of rains. The water on the rivers, streams and lakes rushes out. The major reason of less absorption of water into the ground is that due to the rains, th e soil becomes saturated and the absorption rate due the unsaturated behavior of the ground lowers and thus the flooding occurs. The melting of the snow during the start of the summer is another reason of the seasonal. It is due to the heavy snow falls in the winter season and during the start of the summer, snow melts and is being converted to huge amount of water that rusher into the streams and at some instance it may become more than the capacity of the streams and rivers that thus the flooding occurs. Both melting of the snow and the rainy seasonal rainfalls may contribute in occurring flooding in combination. Coastal Flooding Due to the severe tropical storms and heavy winds, the winds tend to carry away the ocean water in hevy amounts and thus occur of the coastal areas. In this situation, the sea level rises to the ground level and winds tend to produce waves more than the ground level and flooding occurs. Higher velocity winds create surface turbulence and thus the ocean wa ves present flooding of the coastal areas. The phenomenon is often recognized as storm surge. Coastal flooding is also due to the impact of Tsunamis, volcanic eruption and landslides in the oceans. Tsunamis are caused due to the earthquake which occurs in the ocean not very far from the coastal region. An under oceanic earthquake

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example This process involved balancing the needs of the insurer, patients and hospital (Primeaux & Pava, 2009). The managers are expected to have the interests of the patients at heart. The process of resisting the conflict of interests and ensuring proper medical procedures are followed without affecting the morale of nurses is a tough balancing act. Nurses can easily feel offended, demoralized or ignored depending on the skills and effectiveness of a case manager (Ulrich et al, 2010). The increasing pressure in the nursing profession demands that healthcare professionals get acquainted to the growing pressure in the nursing field. Nurses are expected to act morally in difficult medical situations. Nurse Managers are faced with the dilemma of balancing patients’ care and supervisory roles. Management responsibilities and active attention on patients demands that nurses pay special care in multiple aspects within the medical field. The call to extra responsibility has proved to be a dilemma as the medical field continues to suffer from acute shortage of medical personnel (Icheku, 2011). Managing multidisciplinary teams requires specialized training (Toren & Wagner, 2010). ... The nurses are expected to co-work with doctors while delivering patient care. Ensuring ethical issues have been fulfilled demands that a team-approach be necessitated. Case managers are answerable to multiple parties (Munhall, 2012). This makes them face multiple dilemmas. Violation of treatment and other medical services can attract legal redress (Ulrich et al, 2010). The act of balancing the needs and requirements of stakeholders in the medical profession is delicate. Nurse Managers or case managers must have the skills to determine successful outcomes in different cases (Icheku, 2011). The multiple dimensions of outcomes should be noted. This means considering the impact they have on patients, nurses, the hospital and other parties (Primeaux & Pava, 2009). Successful outcomes have different implications to different people. The process involves weighing the advisedness of health services (Toren & Wagner, 2010). The managers are expected to have the capacity to weigh the probabili ty of each outcome. This is important in evaluation the course of action to take (Munhall, 2012). This can attract re-examination. Managers are expected to rise above medical needs to create an atmosphere that accommodates other non medical stakeholders. Practice dilemmas evoke distressing reactions from nurse managers. The dilemmas revolve around professional conflicts, inadequate resources and patient care concerns (Munhall, 2012). Moral stress is increasingly becoming common in the nursing profession. This is because of the struggle to make decisions that involve conflict multiple ethical principles. Nurse Managers are bothered by the need to balance patient autonomy to ensure the required results are achieved. Moral dilemmas in the nursing profession have

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 34

Case Study Example Additionally, he works with the government agencies in his attempt to formulate appropriate policies to contain the inhalation of the glue. The case study therefore investigates the effects of this neurotoxin in one of the street children as the author attempts to expose the daunting consequences of an innocent act by the street children. The work environment is an essential factor that affects the productivity of the employees in any given company. The case investigates cases in which employees of a uranium company work in deplorable conditions often exposed to the radioactive radiation of uranium. The case portrays gross disregards of the basic human rights as the management of the uranium company continues to expose its employees to the harmful radiations. Furthermore, the management of the company does this deliberately. Apparently, the management had done an exhaustive survey on the safety of the workplace thereby determining substantial leakages of the radiation. The files of such findings continue remain filed in the archives while the employees continue to labor in hazardous conditions. Sara goes to work in a foreign environment where she faces numerous challenges. In the case, Sara’s plight is one that millions of people working in foreign countries face. Sara faces numerous challenges key among which is sexual harassment owing to unique laws. The different forms of harassments include abusive colleagues who often made reference of her gender. Such inappropriate comments coupled with inappropriate gestures among many other forms of sexual harassment made her stay in the foreign countries difficult. Among the challenges that employees face include cultural differences which affects their ability to fit into the new society. This affects their productivity. The situation is worsened with the rising cases of xenophobia as the locals begin to target foreigners. Such aggressive attacks and acts of discrimination may result in the loss

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

4 - Assignment Example During the flood, one is unable to face the harsh behavior of water and thus people are advised to move to the higher regions before the flood. 1. List and describe the most common causes of floods. Causes of Floods Three major causes are found to cause the floods. Theses causes include Tropical storms, Seasonal flooding, Coastal Flooding (Library.thinkquest.org, 2013). Tropical Storms Tropical storms and hurricanes remain to have high impact on our lives due to the devastating impact of the heavy winds carrying immense amount of water with them. The resulting rains in response to the hurricanes and tropical storms become a cause of flood. Tropical Depression produces a wind of speeds less than 38 miles per hour. In the tropical depression situation winds have relative less speed as compared to that in the hurricane (Erh.noaa.gov, 2013). However, the tropical depressions are found to produce immense rains. Such a type of phenomenon produces some major damages in Georgia with a tremen dous rainfall of about 28 inches that caused flooding. During a tropical Storm the speed of the wind can reach as high as 73 miles per hour and tropical storms are categorized due to having more wind speed (39-73 miles per hour) as compared to the tropical depression. Tropical storms produce immense rain falls that are followed by flooding but some damages are due to the heavy winds. The rainfalls during the tropical storms produce more water than the capacity of the rivers, streams and lakes and thus heavy flooding occurs. Seasonal Flooding In rainy season, (a prolonged raining period mostly in spring or peak summer) the rains may fall more than the capacity of the rivers, streams and lakes and thus the flooding occurs. The flooding is not the sudden rush of water into the streams, lakes and rivers but due to the prolonged period of rains. The water on the rivers, streams and lakes rushes out. The major reason of less absorption of water into the ground is that due to the rains, th e soil becomes saturated and the absorption rate due the unsaturated behavior of the ground lowers and thus the flooding occurs. The melting of the snow during the start of the summer is another reason of the seasonal. It is due to the heavy snow falls in the winter season and during the start of the summer, snow melts and is being converted to huge amount of water that rusher into the streams and at some instance it may become more than the capacity of the streams and rivers that thus the flooding occurs. Both melting of the snow and the rainy seasonal rainfalls may contribute in occurring flooding in combination. Coastal Flooding Due to the severe tropical storms and heavy winds, the winds tend to carry away the ocean water in hevy amounts and thus occur of the coastal areas. In this situation, the sea level rises to the ground level and winds tend to produce waves more than the ground level and flooding occurs. Higher velocity winds create surface turbulence and thus the ocean wa ves present flooding of the coastal areas. The phenomenon is often recognized as storm surge. Coastal flooding is also due to the impact of Tsunamis, volcanic eruption and landslides in the oceans. Tsunamis are caused due to the earthquake which occurs in the ocean not very far from the coastal region. An under oceanic earthquake

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 34

Case Study Example Additionally, he works with the government agencies in his attempt to formulate appropriate policies to contain the inhalation of the glue. The case study therefore investigates the effects of this neurotoxin in one of the street children as the author attempts to expose the daunting consequences of an innocent act by the street children. The work environment is an essential factor that affects the productivity of the employees in any given company. The case investigates cases in which employees of a uranium company work in deplorable conditions often exposed to the radioactive radiation of uranium. The case portrays gross disregards of the basic human rights as the management of the uranium company continues to expose its employees to the harmful radiations. Furthermore, the management of the company does this deliberately. Apparently, the management had done an exhaustive survey on the safety of the workplace thereby determining substantial leakages of the radiation. The files of such findings continue remain filed in the archives while the employees continue to labor in hazardous conditions. Sara goes to work in a foreign environment where she faces numerous challenges. In the case, Sara’s plight is one that millions of people working in foreign countries face. Sara faces numerous challenges key among which is sexual harassment owing to unique laws. The different forms of harassments include abusive colleagues who often made reference of her gender. Such inappropriate comments coupled with inappropriate gestures among many other forms of sexual harassment made her stay in the foreign countries difficult. Among the challenges that employees face include cultural differences which affects their ability to fit into the new society. This affects their productivity. The situation is worsened with the rising cases of xenophobia as the locals begin to target foreigners. Such aggressive attacks and acts of discrimination may result in the loss

Texting Essay Example for Free

Texting Essay Texting trading written messages over cellphones and other devices is changing the way people communicate, (Janet). Editor Debra Nussbaum writes in an article from the Philadelphia Inquirer that by the early 2000’s Americans sent more than two trillion texts a year, by 2007, texting had exceeded phone calls by a long shot. This has definitely made a huge difference in the way people communicate with each other. To get a letter in the mail is pretty rare today especially knowing that a text will reach a loved one tout de suite. This is most definitely the generation of instant gratification and having no patience, however, that can be a good thing in certain situations. Emergencies are also being relayed instantaneously as well along with important notifications from cell phone companies and colleges. Adults are jumping on the band wagon to stay in contact with their kids, who are most likely only going to communicate in a timely manner via text. There are many good things that have come out of texting, but as usual with all good things there can be downsides. Last year, David Miller, administrator of Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management, said 911 text messaging will spread around the state and that texting is one fundamental tool in the next generation of communication with 911. In today’s society, texting is a part of our culture, and even though there are many situations where texting has proven fatal, in a situation like this one, texting has proven to be a more effective and safe way to communicate. Originally 911 texting was promoted for the hearing impaired and people with speech impairments but has recently come in handy in situations where communication with 911 needs to be quiet. If a homeowner’s house was being broken into they could text 911 instead of calling and avoid putting them in a more dangerous situation, like being heard by the intruder. Along with emergencies becoming text savvy, texting has also proven very helpful for parents trying to stay in touch with their college bound children. Many college students are busy studying or hanging out with their friends and don’t have time to pick up the phone and call home. Kim Leonard writes in an article form the Pittsburg Tribune explaining that major cell phone companies reported more people in the 40’s and 50’s are using texting to communicate with their â€Å"sons and daughters on the go†. Texting is second nature for teens and young adults these days but more times than not it isn’t for adults. To help the not so text savvy adults many cell phone companies are making dictionaries with â€Å"text-ese abreviations†. These features are making it easier for parents to be able to communicate and stay in contact with their children as well as stay cool with the new lingo and keep up with their kid’s text language. Texting has grown dramatically beyond the teenage and 20-something thumb generation over the past year, in part because parents are beginning to use the cellphone screen as another channel to communicate with children who otherwise might not have much to say, (Johnson). However, parents aren’t the only ones trying to communicate with their children using texting, colleges are catching on as well. A newspaper source said one college chose to use what’s called â€Å"JANET txt† to stay closer and keep in touch with the students in â€Å"their own language†. By doing this the college has made it easier to get ahold of students to inform them about papers due or class schedule changes or emergencies on campus. Paul Taylor, Network and Corporate Data Manager at Gateway Sixth Form College explains, On one occasion, the college had to close when our water supply was cut off, and we sent texts early the next morning when the supply was restored to tell students that the college was re-opening†¦, (Gateway Sixth Form College). These notifications are a lot easier way to communicate with busy college students and are being used by more than just colleges, today many cell phone companies will text you a notification letting you know your cell phone bill is due or if you’ve gone over your minutes. Theyre promoting phone text messaging plans that allow families hundreds of messages, or unlimited use each month, (Leonard). These unlimited usage of minutes gives teens and adults as much text time as they could want causing people to become more dependent on their phones. Unlimited usage might not be such a bad thing when it comes to parents knowing where their children are when they are with their friends or have an important message to relay to them while they are at school. While their faces may be glued to their phones at least parents know kids will see the message. Because young adults rely on texting most would actually prefer to text then call thus altering the way teens communicate with each other as well. Texting is also cheaper because most of the time its free making communicating between teens much more convenient. There was a point in the not-too distant past when students who wanted to communicate with each other at school passed notes,(Prater). Today teens aren’t passing notes in class, they are texting. Christina Porter, a senior at OHS, explains that she prefers to communicate with her friends by texting rather than calling. Teens are relying on texting so much it can also be a bad thing as well. Instead of paying attention in class they are looking at their phones and waiting for their friend to reply to their text. Walking and texting has become a trend as well. People aren’t paying attention to what’s going on around them anymore because their noses are stuck looking down at their phones. Some people may say that texting has ruined this generation’s ability to have a normal face to face conversation, that they are more antisocial or lack proper communication skills. That may or may not be true but one thing that is proving to be true is that people aren’t just paying more attention to their phones while walking but driving as well. Texting while driving has proven to be fatal which has forced many states to ban the use of any cell phone usage while driving. This is one of the huge downfalls of using texting as a form to communicate. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reveals that nearly 6,000 people were killed last year in accidents caused by distracted drivers, and 515,000 people were injured. People feel like they are getting away with using their cell phones while driving because the police can’t see the phone in the driver’s hands if they are texting. â€Å"Talking or eating doesnt require that you look away from the road, but texting does. That quick glance can make a huge difference: Texting truck drivers are 23 times more likely to crash, according to a Virginia Tech Transportation Institute study†, (Its dum). Talk or text is the question people should ask themselves if they just can’t detach themselves from their phones long enough to drive to the local market for more milk. Unfortunately teens, because they tend to be more attached to their phones, are the number one offenders of this crime. 46% of teenagers say they text while driving, according to a 2007 AAA study. A new video, made by a British police department, graphically depicts a texting teen crashing her vehicle and has no doubt made an impression on its 1. 8 million YouTube viewers, (Its dum). Hopefully it won’t take a million teens experiencing their friends dying in car wrecks caused by texting to quite the bad habit. While texting and driving have been the cause of numerous deaths on the road, some would argue texting has been the killer of romance as well. Regardless if people want it or not, â€Å"the digital age† has generated a new expectation for modern romance. â€Å"Natural selection may be favoring† the text savvy, jokester rather than the self-assured â€Å"alpha male†, (Has Texting Killed Romance? ). People don’t risk walking up to someone they find attractive any more when it’s much easier to find out what their number is from an outside source and text them. Texting has changed the smooth talker to the smooth texter. â€Å"We havent lost romance in the digital age, but we may be neglecting it†, (Has Texting Killed Romance? ). Some would argue that yes, texting has taken the art of formal, face to face communication out of society but we are a constantly evolving world. Now we can send a text with a picture or talk via video massage. Writing is definitely not going away either it’s just developed into a new form, instantaneous digital delivery. Hopefully we can learn to appreciate the good things that have come from texting and all the other forms of communication. Soon we will be sending 3D images of ourselves on some kind of projector and maybe even talking into our hands. All in all texting is not going away and so we must learn to make it work for the better and not the worst.

Kansas Gun City Experiment | Research Analysis

Kansas Gun City Experiment | Research Analysis INTRODUCTION This paper provides a critical assessment of a level 3 impact evaluation that was assigned in 2012. The study chosen was the â€Å"Kansas City Gun Experiment† which was undertaken by Sherman and Rogan (1995). This paper analyses how well the selected study addressed the issues of reliability of measurement, internal validity of causal inferences, external validity of conclusions to the full population the study sampled and the clarity of the policy implications of applying the results in policing. This essay is divided into six areas. Firstly, a summary of the Kansas City Gun Experiment was presented. This summary gives a brief account of the history of the experiment as well as describes the criminological theories to which the experiment was based, the methodological processes of the experiment and a brief description of the findings of the experiment. Following the summary the essay verges onto the main assessment of the study. Firstly the reliability of measurement of the study is critiqued by examining its test-retest reliability and its internal consistency. Secondly the internal validity of causal inferences was assessed to determine whether the causal relationships between the two variables were properly demonstrated. The external validity of conclusions to the full population the study sampled was then assessed followed by the clarity of the policy implications of applying the results in policing. SUMMARY The Kansas City Gun Experiment, carried out for 29 weeks, from July 7th 1992 to Jnuaray 27th, 1993, was a police patrol project that was aimed at reducing gun violence, drive-by shootings and homicides in the U.S.A. It was based on the premise that seizure of guns and gun crime are inversely proportional. This hypothesis was based on the theories of deterrence and incapacitation. The Kansas City Police Department ( KCPD) implemented greater proactive police patrols in hotspots where gun crimes were prevalent. The study of these patrols were studied by Sherman and Rogan 1995) employing the use of quasi-experimental design. Two areas were chosen for the experiment. Beat 144, the target area, was chosen due to elevated incidences of violent crimes including homicides and drive-by shootings. Beat 242 was chosen as the comparison area or control group due to similar numbers in drive-by shootings. The control group which was used to increase the reliability of results was left untreated meaning that no special efforts or extra patrols were carried out. In contrast beat 144 was treated several different strategies for increasing gun seizures. Some of the techniques used included stop and search and safety frisks. Officers working overtime, from 7pm to 1 am, 7 days a week, were rotated in pairs to provide patrols focused solely on the detection and seizure of guns. These officers did not respond to any other calls that were not gun related. Some of the data collected to be analyzed included number of guns seized, number of crimes committed, number of gun related calls and arrest records before initiation of the experiment, during and after completion, for both experimental and control groups. The differences between the experimental and control group were then compared using a difference of means test (t-test). Gun crimes in the 52 weeks before and after the patrols in both the experimental and control group were compared using autoregressive moving averages (ARIMA) MODELS. There was indeed a 65% increase in gun seizure and a decrease in gun crime by 49% in the target area. In the control group, gun seizures and gun crimes remained relatively unchanged. Also, there was no significant displacement of gun crimes to areas surrounding the target area. These results were also similar for homicides and drive-by shootings. Citizen surveys also revealed that most of the general public were less fearful of crime as compared to those in control groups. RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENT The results of this study suggest that there may be clear implications for other cities wishing to reduce their gun crime. But how valid are these conclusions? How reliable are they? All measurements may contain some element of error. In order for the measurements recorded during the Kansas City Gun experiment to be sound, they must be free of bias and distortion. Reliability and validity therefore are important in this regard. Reliability can be seen as the extent to which a measurement method is consistent. Reliability of a measure can be described as when a measure yields consistent scores or observations on a given phenomenon on different occasions ( Bachman and Schutt 2007, p.87). It refers firstly to the extent to which a method of measurement produces the same results for the same case under the same conditions referred to as test-retest reliability and secondly the extent to which responses to the individual items in a multiple-item measure are consistent with each other known as internal consistency. A measure that is not reliable cannot be valid. Can it be said that the measurements used in the Kansas City Gun experiment were reliable and valid? This can be assessed by firstly by looking at its’ test-retest reliability and then secondly, its’ internal consistency. Test-retest reliability As funding ran out the study was never repeated under the same conditions in beat 144, thus strictly speaking there was never an opportunity to test whether the same or similar results would have been obtained over an equivalent period some time later. Internal consistency The measures used in this study included separate bookkeeping and an onsite University of Maryland evaluator who accompanied the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol and coded every shift activity narrative for patrol time and enforcement in and out of the area. Property room data on guns seized, computerized crime reports, calls for service data, and arrest records were analyzed for both areas under the study. Sherman and Rogan (1995) then analyzed the data using four different models. The primary analyses assumed that the gun crime counts were independently sampled from the beats examined before and after the intervention. This model treated the before–during difference in the mean weekly rates of gun crime as an estimate of the magnitude of the effect of the hot spots patrols, and assessed the statistical significance of the differences with the standard two-tailed t–tests (Sherman and Roagn (1995)). A second model assumed that the weekly gun crime data points were not independent but were correlated serially, and thus required a Box–Jenkins ARIM (autoregressive integrated moving average) test of the effect of an abrupt intervention in a time series. A third model examined rate events (homicide and drive-by shootings) aggregated in 6-month totals on the assumption that those counts were independent, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. A fourth model also assumed independence of observations, and compared the target with the control beat in a before–during chi-square-test. The t–tests compared weekly gun crimes for all 29 weeks of the phase 1 patrol program (July, 7, 1992, through Jan. 25, 1993) with the 29 weeks preceding phase 1, using difference-of-means tests. The ARIM models extended the weekly counts to a full 52 weeks before and after the beginning of phase 1. The ANOVA model added another year before phase 1 (all of 1991) as well as 1993, the year after phase 1 (Sherman and Rogan (1995)). It is submitted that Sherman and Rogan (1995) use of the four different models described above attempted to ensure that an acceptable level of triangulation and as such, internal consistency was achieved given the fact that the program design itself did not lend itself to the researcher having data and an opportunity such that responses to the individual items in a multiple-item measure could be checked for consistency. Reliability may be seen as a prerequisite for validity. Therefore the fact that there was never any opportunity to repeat the study, there was never any opportunity to examine whether the same or similar results would have been obtained in beat 144 over an equivalent period some time using the same policing tactics. In other words can it be safely said that the use of the same measures as mentioned above, i.e., the onsite University of Maryland evaluator who accompanied the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol together with Property room data on guns seized, computerized crime reports, calls for service data, and arrest records would have yielded similar results? The simple answer is no as it was never done. It is to be noted that the evaluator accompanied the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol out of 2,256 (assuming that the 300 referred to patrol car-hours). Is this number statistically sufficient to reduce the occurrence of random errors which occur as a result of over-estimation and under-estimation of recordings? It is accordingly submitted that the level of reliability of measurement is limited to the instance of this study as there is no way of testing its stability short of repeating it. THE INTERNAL VALIDITY OF CAUSAL INFERENCES Validity is often defined as the extent to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure. Validity requires that an instrument is reliable, but an instrument can be reliable without being valid (Kimberlin and Winterstein (2008)). Validity refers to the accuracy of a measurement or what conclusions we can draw from the results of such measurement. Therefore, apart from the issue of reliability discussed above, it must also be determined whether the measures used in the Kansas City Gun Experiment measured what they were suppose to measure and whether the causal inferences drawn possess internal validity. Internal validity means that the study measured what it set out to whilst external validity is the ability to make generalizations from the study (Grimes and Schulz (2002)). With respect to internal validity, selection bias, information bias, and confounding are present to some degree in all observational research. According to Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), selection bias stems from an absence of comparability between groups being studied. Information bias results from incorrect determination of exposure, outcome, or both. The effect of information bias depends on its type. If information is gathered differently for one group than for another, this results in biasness. By contrast, non-differential misclassification tends to obscure real differences. They viewed Confounding as a mixing or blurring of effects: a researcher attempts to relate an exposure to an outcome but actually measures the effect of a third factor (the confounding variable). Confounding can be controlled in several ways: restriction, matching, stratification, and more sophisticated multivariate techniques. If a reader cannot explain away study results on the basis of selection, information, or confounding bias, then chance might be another explanation. Chance should be examined last, however, since these biases can account for highly significant, though bogus results. Differentiation between spurious, indirect, and causal associations can be difficult. Criteria such as temporal sequence, strength and consistency of an association and evidence of a dose-response effect lend support to a causal link. It is submitted that the onsite University of Maryland evaluator who accompanied the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol and coded every shift activity narrative for patrol time and enforcement in and out of the area would have been able to give a rough measure of the number of guns seized, whilst the Property room data on guns seized, computerized crime reports, calls for service data, and arrest records would have after analysis indicated whether gun crimes increased or decreased. It could be inferred therefore that as the number of guns seized increased, the level of gun related crimes decreased and that this inference possessed internal validity. THE EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS TO THE FULL POPULATION THE STUDY SAMPLED According to Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), external validity is the ability to make generalizations from the study. With regard to the Kansas City Gun Experiment, the question which must now be asked is whether the program is likely to be effective in other settings and with other areas, cities or populations. Steckler, Allan McLeroy, Kenneth R. (2007) quoting Campbell D.T. Stanley J.C. (1966) argues that internal validity is as important as external validity. We have thus gone a bit further so not only is it important to know whether the program is effective, but also whether it is likely to be effective in other settings and with other areas, cities or populations. This would accordingly lead to the translation of research to practice. It must be submitted that as with internal validity, the fact that there was never any opportunity to repeat the study, there was never any opportunity to examine whether the same or similar results would have been obtained in beat 144 over an equivalent period some time using the same policing tactics and or in any other beat for that matter. It cannot therefore be validly concluded that the Kansas City Gun Experiment would be as effective in any other beat area. THE CLARITY OF POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF APPLYING THE RESULTS IN POLICING The policy implications of applying the results of the Kansas City Gun Experiment are arguably fairly clear. The most important conclusion is that police can increase the number of guns seized in high gun crime areas at relatively modest cost. Directed patrol around gun crime hot spots is about three times more cost-effective than normal uniformed police activity citywide, on average, in getting guns off the street[1]. Policing bodies around the United States can conclude that although the raw numbers of guns seized in a particular beat may not be impressively large, the impact of even small increases in guns seized in decreasing the percentage of gun crimes can be substantial. If a city wants to adopt this policy in a high gun crime area, this experiment proves that it can be successfully implemented[2]. It is also clear from the Kansas City gun experiment that a focus on gun detection, with freedom from answering calls for service, can make regular beat officers working on overtime very productive. REFERENCES Bachman, R. and Schutt, R, K, (2007). The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice. 3rd Edition , Sage Publications Inc. Sherman and Rogan (1995), â€Å"The Kansas City Gun Experiment†, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Sherman and Rogan (1995), â€Å"The Kansas City Gun Experiment†, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice Sherman and Rogan (1995), â€Å"The Kansas City Gun Experiment†, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice Kimberlin, Carole L., and Winterstein, Almut, G. (2008),â€Å"Validity and Reliability of Measurement Instruments used in Research† Research fundamentals, Am J Health-Syst Pharm—Vol 65 Dec 1, 2008 Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), â€Å"Bias and causal associations in observational research† Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), â€Å"Bias and causal associations in observational research† Campbell D.T. Stanley J.C. (1966), Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs, Chicago, Ill: Rand McNally; 1966. 8. Steckler, Allan McLeroy, Kenneth R. (2007), The Importance of External Validity, Am J Public Health. 2008 January; 98(1): 9–10. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126847 9. Sherman, Lawrence W., and R.A. Berk, (1984), â€Å"The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault,† American Sociological Review, (49)(1984):261–272. [1] Sherman, Lawrence W., and R.A. Berk, (1984), â€Å"The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault,† American Sociological Review, (49)(1984):261–272. [2]

Lookin at the Law :: essays research papers

Looking at the Law: Drug Courts With the Hon. Paul F. Chaiet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Drug Courts are new to the Monmouth county area but not new to the United States. The first Drug court was established in Miami, Florida in 1989. There is at least one Drug court in each of the 50 states. Camden, Essex, Passaic, Mercer and Union were the first five counties in the New Jersey to start the Drug courts in the states. The Hon. Paul Chaiet after being assistant persecutor for Monmouth County for 14 years, he was appointed the Judge of the Drug Court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Drug team for Monmouth County consists of the Judge; Hon. Chaiet, Drug court coordinator; Noreen Carmoday, Assistant Prosecutor; Carol McConnell, Asst. Public Defender; John Brown Jr., Substance Abuse Evaluator; Adri Lieb, and Probation Officer; Sara Felle. All these people are trying help the people who have a substance abuse problem rather then just send them to jail. Not everyone is eligible for the Drug court program. They must fill out an application, they will be interview, they must want to be in the program, and must live in Monmouth county. Also no previous violence, no more than three offenses, must be a first-degree offense and no sex crimes. This program is for offenders who might have to serve jail time so this is an option rather than prison. One of the major reasons as to why they developed this program was to reduce the jail population. Since 1980 there has been a 467% increase in jail population and most of them are from drug cases. It cost $3 5,000 per prisoner in jail for one year and $17,000 per patient in treatment. So not only are they trying to reduce the jail population but trying to say the government money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Offenders shouldn’t just go into to the program to get out jail. It’s very hard. They must serve at least 6 months in the patient part of the program. They send the offenders to inpatient houses. There are eight inpatient programs in our state. The whole program is 5-6 years long from beginning to end. Once they are out of the first part of the program, the next year is the intensive part and they are assigned to a probation officer. There is one probation officer for every 50 kids, so the probation officer can keep a closer eye on the participants.